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Chloride Contamination on the Groundwater, Soil and Plants Coursework

Chloride Contamination on the Groundwater, Soil and Plants - Coursework Example Water from sumps has been taken for estimating the surface water content and from more profound wells for sub surface water saltiness. At last, the dirt was additionally examined and the saltiness of the dirt was likewise estimated. This was found to at present be raised however it has descended definitely on a normal in all the three cases. The sub surface water test was regularly taken in the wake of rescuing the water in the inspecting wells. Likewise, the dirt examples are taken at a profundity of 60 centimeters in accordance with the standard soil inspecting strategy. Surface water tests were gotten from the sump that was accessible. The inspected qualities were then utilized for examination to discover the pace of chloride decrease in the sub surface water and soil. This would help in demonstrating to what degree the vegetation can develop in the dirt at the heath. It was discovered that the dirt conditions are not especially, directly for the tree development. However, even up to 20000 ppm in the tree, it was discovered that the nearness of chloride may not unfavorably influence tree development. The perfect ppm, in any case, is 4 to 8 ppm and that is the figure truly took a gander at for vegetation to flourish anyplace. It is in this manner, significant that the work is finished by diminishing the nearness of chl orides further. ... 2. Affirmation 3. Commitment 4. GENERAL INTRODUCTION The accompanying arrangement venture was completed inside the British Petroleum (BP), at Wytch Farm, which is an oil field and oil and flammable gas preparing office in the Purbeck area of Dorset, England from eleventh June to first September 2007. 4.1 Existing circumstance The Wytch Farm Oilfield, is the biggest known inland field in the UK, it lies underneath the southern shores of Poole harbor in a zone of extraordinary regular excellence renowned for its scene, biology and pleasantry esteem (BP Petroleum Development, 1986). The Wytch Farm Oilfield, with its roughly 300 million barrels of recoverable oil, is a helpful to the oil business and to the nearby and national economy. It creates in present time around 70,000 barrels (roughly 11,365,000 liters) of oil every day. The oilfield comprises of two significant stores, the shallower Birdport supply at 900 meters under the surface (BP Exploration, 1994) this repository was found in 1974, and later, it was created to deliver 4,000 barrels of raw petroleum every day (BP Petroleum Development, 1986). The bigger and increasingly gainful store is Sherwood repository, which is around 1500 meters beneath the surface (BP Exploration, 1994). The more profound repository (Sherwood store) was found in 1978 yet it stays immature. Creation testing from one Sherwood well has expanded and these days creation is around 5,500 barrels of oil for each day (BP Petroleum Development, 1986). The area of Wytch Farm is on the southern shores of Pool Harbor. This territory is touchy scene that incorporates various discussion assignments. Unrefined petroleum is removed from the Wytch Farm, Wareham and Kimmeridge

Presentation Topics For University Students

Presentation Topics For University StudentsPresentation topics for university students need to be researched and considered carefully. Some presentation topics are more suitable for some topics but not others. It is important to choose a topic that is appropriate to the student's interests, learning style and learning environment.Firstly, the general level of the student's abilities is also a major factor in choosing a presentation topic. Students that are just beginning their formal education should seek out topics that are geared towards what they need at this stage. They will be able to understand them easily and most likely be interested. Topics such as the anatomy of flowers or making origami are good examples.Presentation topics for university students who are already enrolled are dependent on their subjects. There are topics that suit all subjects but there are also topics that are specific to a subject. Topics like architecture or psychology may be difficult for psychology st udents to grasp. If this is the case, it is best to choose a topic that is general enough to suit the student's interest. For example, designing the psychology paper would be appropriate for a psychology student because they need to learn how to write an essay.Presentation topics for university students who are not yet enrolled in a degree program need to be researched thoroughly before they decide which topic to choose. Most universities have programs specifically designed for students who are not yet in a degree program. It is important for them to gain first hand experience in these programs so that they will know how they will be received once they are in their program.Once a topic has been chosen, it is time to find out what course requirements are for that topic. Course requirements vary from one university to another. Some are basic, while others are specialized. It is important to choose a course requirement that is appropriate to the student's needs.In addition to course re quirements, it is also important to take into consideration the topic area itself. A classroom with students that do not understand the topic is not conducive to learning. The students in the class should be able to participate and be fully engaged with the discussion.Budget is another thing to consider when choosing presentation topics for university students. Depending on the cost of tuition, the presentation topics that should be chosen are the ones that will not cost too much for the student. A word of caution here: only choose the topics that are required to pursue a degree program.Choosing the right topic for presentation topics for university students is a very important decision. If done correctly, the topic will bring the student a lot of benefits in terms of gaining knowledge, and not to mention the thrill of giving a presentation.

Legal Positivists And Natural Law - 1966 Words

‘An unjust law cannot be a valid law’ In the light of Natural Law and Positivist theories, assess the accuracy of the above statement. To what extent are legal positivists and natural law theorists accurate in terms of the idea that ‘an unjust law cannot be a valid law’? In this essay i will attempt to define the concept of the validity of law in relation to both natural law theorists and positivist theorists. For the purpose of this essay I will define validity of a law as †Having legal force; effective or binding† (The Free Dictionary). The main reason for the continual debate between both theories is that they are both very similar although they may appear to be at contrary ends of each spectrum. Natural law theorists believe that in order for a law to be valid it must have some moral principle therefore if laws which are enacted in statues have no authority, they are not moral. Whereas positivists support and emphasise the importance of a division between morality and law. I will begin by outlining both theories. I will then move onto asses the accuracy of the following statement, ‘An unjust law cannot be a valid law’ this includes establishing the similarities and differences of both theories; in order to do this effectively it is essential that a thorough understanding of both theories has been developed. Finally I will summarise my findings, An unjust law cannot be a valid law - true or false? The first question we need to address in order to be able to assess thisShow MoreRelatedLaw And Morality From The View Of Natural Law Theorists And Legal Positivists Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesLaw and morality can be defined by the interpretation of the individual who is referring to it. If the natural law theorists interpret the connection between law and morality a certain way then legal positivists will interpret it another way. So this means that they will never have the exact same view, it could be slightly similar but never the same. Every philosopher, no matter if they are a natural law theorist or a legal positivist theorist they will think what they want to believe because theyRead MoreLegal Positivists : Legal Positivism896 Words   |  4 Pages Legal positivism offers a definition of laws as a written declaration made by government officials that have legal power to control certain aspects of society and human conduct (Himma, 2004). Legal positivist recognize all rules, regulations, principles and other forms of law that come from an authorized government body or official (Himma, 2004). But Legal positivist do not recognize laws, principles or any form of law or behavior modifier that does not come directly from an authorized governmentRead MoreThe Case Of Brown V. Board Of Education Of Topeka1694 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States Supreme Court made a landmark decision with its ruling in the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. The ruling was a monumental one for multiple reasons. Firstly, it was a major step in the Civil Rights Movement as it ended the legal use of â€Å"separate but equal† facilities, under the ruling that this violated the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause. It gave African-Americans access to better schools, and also gave them a greater sense of dignity as they no longer couldRead MoreThe Nature Of People s Beliefs1660 Words   |  7 Pageseven the ideas of the law are exempt from this occurrence. Since the spoken word, hundreds of philosophers have defined law in different ways. Seeing law in different ways people can come to different conclusions about specific cases. The Fugitive Slave Law was a controversial law in American history. The Fugitive Slave Law allowed slave-owners to capture their slaves who have fled North to free states. In United States v Morris, the emancipators challenged the Fugitive Slave Law in Boston. A groupRead MorePositivism : The Ruling Theory Of Law944 Words   |  4 Pagesand HLA Hart (1907-1992). Philosopher Ronald Dworkin once described legal positivism as the ruling theory of law. Since the time of Bentham and Austin legal positivism was the dominant theory and was held by most legal scholars in one way or another and was also the working theory of most legal practitioner’s. Although recognized as a dominating jurisprudential theory with considerable influence on the writings of many legal scholars, positivism has been open to much criticism especially duringRead MoreLegal Positivism : A Positivist Legal System1401 Words   |  6 Pagespropounded by a Positivist Legal System. The aim of this essay is to evaluate a positivist legal system or legal positivism, by analysing what it means, what it does the positive and negative aspects of legal positivism, how legal positivism works in a society. In order to understand a positivist legal system and how it works in a society, this essay is going to concentrate on some aspects of legal positivism, which are; the definition of legal positivism or positivist legal system, ideologiesRead MoreJurisprudence- Critical Discussion of the Speluncean Explorers1044 Words   |  5 PagesAs a positivist, the law is unambiguous and direct. Firstly what is positivism? According to positivism, there is nothing intrinsically moral about the law. A law enacted by a legislature can be evil and immoral; there is no fundamental connection between the two. Whether what they did was right or wrong is not a matter for a judge. A judge is educated and skilled to discern legality from morality. According to John Austin, legal positivism is the actual continuation and content of the law dependingRead MoreThe Second World War1598 Words   |  7 Pagesthat they weren’t guilty of a crime as they were obeying the law of Nazi Germany . Consequently, the trial revived the broader question of whether laws which are inherently immoral can be considered valid law. Moreover, the trial generated fresh debate within jurisprudence, in turn leading many to criticise the previously prominent ideas of Legal Positivism , which in layman’s terms separated law from morality and credited as valid law any bill provided it had gone through the recognised legislative Read MoreEssay on Justice1493 Words   |  6 Pagesworthwhile for a legal system to strive to achieve it’. Justice is something that we all want from a Law and believe should be an integral part in any legal system. However, the meaning of Justice is very difficult to define. There are many aspects of justice that we may question about; i.e. is a particular law just? Is the legal system just? Much of the issue of justice is very controversial and raises questions such as whether the combination of Law and system produceRead MoreThe Distinction Between Natural Law And Legal Positivism Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pagesdeliberate, scrutinize and define the distinction between natural law and legal positivism. I will make distinctions regarding advantages and disadvantages of the definitions of the theories of natural law and legal positivism. By focussing on slavery as an example I will be looking at various theorists and their theories thereby attempting to make sense and find clarity in this regard. Furthermore to understand the aspects of natural law and legal positivism, one has to understand the theories of Cicero

Time to Put an End to Affirmative Action Essay - 1974 Words

Time to Put an End to Affirmative Action Affirmative action is the set of public policies and initiatives designed to help eliminate past and present discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. This set of public policies has had quite a history beginning with the Thirteenth Amendment, which made slavery illegal. The Thirteenth Amendment was followed by the Fourteenth, that guarantees equal protection under the law. The Fifteenth Amendment brought up the rear, which forbids racial discrimination in access to voting. When affirmative action was set into place during the 1960s it was needed and very necessary. Although in history the need for affirmative action is obvious, it has reached the point where†¦show more content†¦Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802 which outlawed segregationist hiring policies by defense-related industries which held federal contacts (Sykes, 1995). This order was brought about because of the actions of a Black trade union leader, A. Philip Randolph. During Har ry Trumans second term, in 1953, his Committee on Government Contract Compliance urged the Bureau of Employment Security to act positively and affirmatively to implement the policy of nondiscrimination (ibid). Finally, after 58 years, the Supreme Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, and therefore the separate, but equal doctrine with Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. The term affirmative action was first used in 1965 by President Lyndon Johnson in Executive Order 11246, which mandated federal employees to take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin (ibid). This Executive Order was expanded 2 years later, in 1967, to include affirmative action requirements to cover women. There were two more laws passed in the 1960s to make discrimination illegal. The first of which was the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Within this act, Titles II and VII forbid racial discr imination in public accommodations and race and sex discrimination in employment. The next act to make discrimination illegal was the 1965 Voting Rights Act, adopted after a probe by Congress foundShow MoreRelated Its Time to Put and End to Affirmative Action Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pages Affirmative action should be changed or ended altogether In the late Sixties, Martin Luther King Jr. fought hard for equal rights. Before he was assassinated in 1968, he made a speech about his vision of human equality. â€Å"I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.† (King) The Sixties were a turning point for racial equality. Because of leaders like King, many blacks and minorityRead MoreAffermative Action1316 Words   |  6 PagesBy: Elissa Thomas E-mail: elissa@usais.net Affirmative Action Affirmative Action efforts were started in 1964 to end the long history of overlooking qualified people of color and women from higher education. Affirmative Action sets standards for a business or office of admissions, so that a white man does not have the upper-hand over an equally or greater educated minority. The initial way the government tried to justify Affirmative Action was to develop a human resource approach: first identifyingRead More Affirmative Action Is the Wrong Action Essays1708 Words   |  7 PagesAffirmative Action Is the Wrong Action The United States of America has long been a country divided by race. Hate has pervaded her existence since her conception, and now today’s society is forced to deal with those issues. Minorities have suffered at the hands of the white male majority for centuries as the social activities of the old war were brought to the new colonies, only to ferment and continue to affect the lives of all who lived within her borders. There is no doubting that thisRead MoreAffirmative Action Essay857 Words   |  4 PagesUnder the Affirmative Action policy, or preferential hiring, the firm must hire someone who is underrepresented. As strange as it seems, this type of situation occurs everyday, and many wonder why the policy is legal. I never really understood why affirmative action is legal. In affirmative actions beginning, the government needed laws to help aid the blending of minorities and women in American workforce and culture. During the Civil Rights movement of 1960s, affirmative action was implementedRead MoreRacial Discrimination : The Worst Form Of Inequality1388 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent people. In America,the individuals who are usually discriminated against are the minorities like African Americans and Hispanics. Affirmative action is a policy that was created and has been claimed to be positive discrimination. The policy was created to give equal opportunity to groups of people who are usually discriminated against. Although Affirmative action has been named to be positive and support minorities, it is still unjust. There should be no positive aspects of racial discriminationRead MoreAffirmative Action: Social Policy1348 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative Action Affirmative action is a social policy created to promote the welfare of minorities by supporting the idea that individuals are all created equal and should not be judged by race or gender. Therefore, in situations like job and university applications, we should consider minorities to be as feasible a choice for hire as a white male candidate, taking into consideration their background. In short, it tries to give minorities that have been at a disadvantage their whole life, anRead MoreEssay on Affirmative Action855 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative Action Is It Really A-Firm-Action? What is affirmative action? This has been a very interesting question throughout the past thirty years. Many people would like to answer it with simply the name given to programs that try to correct past and ongoing discriminations against women, racial minorities, and others in the work force and in education. Affirmative action was created out of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It actually went into effect because of an executiveRead More Affirmative Action Is Not the Solution Essay1340 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Affirmative action is a social policy created to promote the welfare of minorities by supporting the idea that individuals are all created equal and should not be judged by race or gender. Therefore, in situations like job and university applications, we should consider minorities to be as feasible a choice for hire as a white male candidate, taking into consideration their background. In short, it tries to give minorities that have been at a disadvantage their wholeRead MoreAffirmative Action Is The Current Method For Combating Systematic Racism1602 Words   |  7 PagesAffirmative action is the current method for combatting the systematic racism and general bigotry that has long plagued American society. It is a source of much debate, both from the legal and moral perspectives. When it comes to higher education, it has been the subject of serval Supreme court decisions and many philosophical papers. Affirmative action’s stance makes a statement about how American society intends to handle its problems of bigotry; if it wants to ignore them, or if it wants to choose

Consolidation Account Requirement Dividend â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Consolidation Account Requirement Dividend? Answer: Introduction The paper focused on the case of Sydney airport, which is a listed company in Australia. The company began its operations in 1933 with three runways. Sydney airport is located approximately 8 kilometers from the city center, and 10 kilometers from the major tourist attraction sites. Business operations Sydney airport is a primary airport and an international getaway company based in Australia. The company contributes $ 30.8 billion annually to the national economy through its economic activity. The contribution is approximately 6.4% of the New South Wales economy, which offers 306,700 direct and indirect jobs(Michael, 2017). The business is located 8km from the city center and 10 km from major tourist attractions. The business consists of three runway networks, that is, main north-south runway (4.0km), parallel north-south runway (2.4km) and east-west runway (2.5 km). Also, there are 102 international terminal stores and 116 domestic terminal stores. Check-in service desks are 234 for terminal 1, 68 for terminal 2 and 85 for terminal three. The net cash flow from business activities has increased due to increased revenues and the offset of airport operating expenses(William, 2017). Investment and investment activates Sydney airport assumes a disciplined approach while investing. The company earns a return on aeronautical and commercial infrastructure capital investments. Sydney airport investment activities involved the issuing of $ 900 million US144A/RegS bond to reinforce capital management approach. The amount raised from the issue was used in repaying drawn bank facilities. The net cash flow used in investing activities in 2016 are shown as ongoing investments while investments done in 2015 include the T3 transaction worth $535.0. The company has made investments in the terminus and airport precinct to target new business opportunities. Moreover, it has invested in the property and car business and lease sites, hotel sites, freight facilities, airline offices and airline lounges(Dickson, 2017). Financing and financing activities The company has realized a revenue growth of 11% which is equivalent to $ 1.364.6. Earnings before interest and tax had a growth of 8.2% (1.085.7 million). The security-holder distribution growth is at 21% translating to 31.0 cents per stapled security. Also, the company has issued $900 million bonds at the rate of 4.9% which is fully hedged against currency exposure for ten years results that exceed treasury objectives. The aeronautical revenue has had a growth of 5.6% with 3.8% domestic while 8.9% international. Retail revenue stand at 12.2%, property and car revenue has a growth of 15%. Moreover, parking and transport revenue have grown by 3.6%(AU Government, 2017). Financial reporting activities Sydney airport observes the following practices concerning the financial reporting. The financial report is build up by consolidated financial statements of SAL group and SATI Group as stipulated by Accounting Standards. The financial statements are prepared by the corporations act 2001, which is also in line with Australian Accounting Standards. The financial report is prepared under historical cost convention based on the evaluation of financial assets and liabilities such as derivative instruments at fair value. Also, the financial report represents the finances regarding Australian dollars which is the required currency by SATI and SAL. The values are rounded to the nearest thousands of dollars unless directed otherwise(Freed, 2017). Industry, Regulatory, and External Factors Sydney airport is an international airport, which is the busiest in Australia, and the world's longest-serving airport. The airport handles a capacity of about 41,870,000 passengers with over 326,686 aircraft movements making it the 38th busiest airport in the world. The airport serves 43 international and 46 domestic destinations directly. The company operates in a highly concentrated industry whereby most aircraft movements go through Australias major airports such as Brisbane and Melbourne. Over the past five years, the industry has experienced significant growth due to the increase in the volume of passenger movements. This industry is segmented into the rental of airport retail space, rental of rental of airport property, air traffic control and navigation, and airport aeronautics (Silvester, 2017). Industry growth The Australian airline industry has witnessed major structural changes whereby the Commonwealth has adopted a policy, which permits more than one Australian owned international airlines to operate scheduled services to and from Australia. Also, the current trend in the industry of low-cost international carriers is now being felt in Australian industry. As a result of this trend, the Australian authority has developed the trade practice act that inhibits unfair competition throughout the industry. The growth of the industry has also seen the opening up of more destinations, with all the major international airlines operated by private owners under long-term lease from commonwealth (John, 2017). Industry supply chain The airline industry supply chain in Australia consist pertains activities of sourcing resources such as jet fuel, labor, and other supplies, to ensure the delivery of quality services to the customers. The supply of jet fuel has proved to be the largest cost item consuming over 40% of the operating cost, which in turn increases the industry cost and restrains growth. The largest cost contributor of the jet fuel is the transportation cost from the Australian ports to the aircraft. The second largest cost contributor in the airline industry is the aircraft maintenance. The supply chain is usually outsourced keeping in mind the issues of safety. This, however, compels the airlines to part away with a huge cost to get the quality services on maintenance(Brian, 2017). Major players The Australian airline industry consists of domestic and international airlines. Despite the domestic airline having minimal regulation, the international airline is heavily regulated by the commonwealth. The main industrial players in the Australian airline include Qantas, which comprehensive regional and international networks and feeder traffic in other overseas airlines. The second largest player is virgin blue, which despite having modest services compared to Qantas; it has managed to put up competition in the domestic industry through its low-cost travel budget. Other players include Sydney Marylebone and Brisbane. However, the domestic airport is the most populated and highly competitive compared to the international industry. Market share and industry players Qantas is the third oldest airline in the world founded in 1920. The airline has managed to acquire almost 30% of the market share in the international market. Sydney airport serves an approximate of 39.7 million, which consists about 13.7% of the total market; share(Mary, 2017). Critical success factors The success factors in Australian airport industry include industry deregulation, increase in passengers both domestic and international as well as the emergence of cheaper airlines. Also, the industry has recently experienced an increase in the number of companies offering aircraft maintenance which in turn has drastically reduced the fee charged on their services to ensure that they can keep up with the competition. Moreover, the presence of companies like FedEx and UPS as well as manufacturing companies who arrange with the airport industry has contributed to the sustainable income of this industry through carriers and air cargo(Martin, 2017). Major threats The airport industry serves as the window to the country, in the same case this window is exposed to terror attacks or even the entry of terrorists. Another threat is the possibility of entry of diseases from other countries through the airport. Also, airports serve as the conduit for drug and other abusive substances that have been illegalized in Australia. Such entry of illegal substances from the foreign countries could lead to harm in the local society and economy. Another threat involves the risk of accidents due to malfunction of aircraft control system; such a risk threatens the passengers life as well as the reputation of the company (Martin, 2017). The legal environment The legal environment in which Sydney airport operates in consist of regulations on financial reporting as well as the legal and political environment. The Sydney airport abides by the airport lease rules and procedures regarding lease with the Commonwealth. One of the main regulation that the company abides by Sydney airport is the airport's act 1996. This amendment strives to ensure the development of civil aviation in Australia, regulate the airports in the interest of its users and the general community. Promote efficiency and economic development in the operation of airports and facilitate the comparing of airports performance in a manner that is transparent. Also, the act serves to ensure the diversity of ownership and control of certain major airports remains in control by the domestic residence (Brian, 2017). External environmental factors Political o Sydney airport operates in a stable political environment o The deregulation of the airline industry has brought many business opportunities to the company o The open skies policy ensures that the airport has frequent and different clients who help generate revenues o The foreign ownership rules ensure that the industry is maintained and majorly owned domestically Economic o The economic global financial crisis has also been felt in the airline industry which has led to reduced number of airports and airlines o The reduced disposable income as a result of increase in the cost of living has led to reduced freights due to reduced number of passengers hence reduced revenues o The increased devaluation of the Australian dollar against the dollar is making it hard for the airport to maintain the highest quality services. o Fuel cost has been on the rise, which is affecting the revenues of the company. Social o The change in consumer demographics has seen most passengers preferring to spend less during traveling thus making fewer profits from the passengers. o This change in consumer preference has also been influenced by consumer preferences as well as the increased travel lifestyle. Technological o The advancement of video conferencing has proven to cut on cost as well as enhance efficiency o More and more operation is now being handled over the internet at a reduced cost o The investment in surface transportation is now providing a secondary source of income that helps to compensate the reduced profit in the primary activities of the airport. o Modern and efficient aircraft has enabled the airport to save a lot on fuel and thus reduce the losses. SWOT ANALYSIS Strength o Sydney airport has a strong dominance in the Australian market o It has also fostered its global presence through partnership o Has a stable income platform that is also growing o The airport has strong marketing and public relations. Weakness o The move to lower cost base through layoff may create tense industrial relations o The airport currently has a mismatch in capacity increase and market demand. o The company is reducing its non-core assets, which automatically reduces its value. Opportunities o More opportunities lie in digital marketing and loyalty program o The airport also has the advantage of big data analytics for operational efficiency and customer experience Threats o There is a lot of risk due to the volatility of foreign exchange as well as the fuel o The issues with regulations are hampering the efforts to expand the business. o There is a lot of competition from the Asian rivals. Porters five forces analysis The Porter's five forces affecting the airport industry include the following: The bargaining power of buyers- the bargaining power of buyers, has continuously increased due to the availability of various options to select. Such options include low cost, traveling services and premium traveling services. Also other service providers in the industry offer services that increase the buyers purchasing power (Sydneyairport.com.au, 2017). Bargaining power of suppliers- In the airline industry the suppliers bargaining power is relatively low due to a large number of suppliers who offer similar kind of services. Such suppliers include virgin airlines and Qantas airlines. The threat of substitute- the threat of substitute is much lower in comparison to other transport means since air traveling is much faster. Long distance traveling cannot be much faster on roads or sea as on air. Thus the threat substitute is low. Rivalry among existing firms- the competition is currently so server in the domestic market. Sydney airport is competing with Melbourne and other airports, which has led to losses during operations (Airport, 2017). The threat of new entry- the threat of new entry is lower since newer players require huge investments in infrastructure. In general, the airport industry has access to financing which is used to expand business despite the existing regulations regarding the expansion of businesses. Also, the finance accessibility is exposed to fluctuations in interest rate which might dent the airport business cash flow in the long run. Moreover, the Australian dollar has been continuously been devalued against the Australian dollar over time, which has made international business operations expensive. Objectives, strategies and Assessing business risks With airport industry experiencing significant growth in the number of airports and technology, the current competitiveness requires the industry to cut down on its rate to get more clients. These changes have forced Sydney airport to change its operations strategy to keep up with the competition. The current state of the airport shows that the company might have to reconsider the complete change in their operations to manage in keeping afloat in the industry. Such changes could be through serious investment in technology and expansion of the airport. Other risk factors that might influence business operations in the airport include government regulations that limit the ownership of the airport to only 49% from foreign investors. This limits the number of new ideas brought to the table (Nystrm and Asproth, 2013). New products and service Sydney airport has currently invested in property and transport where is has introduced taxis to ferry passengers to their destinations from the airport as well as to the airport. The transport investment is currently being faced by fierce competition from other transport service providers. The competitors are offering much cheaper rates, which is likely to drive the Sydney airport transport out of business. Expansion of business The consideration to expand the airport business might be a good idea in the long run for Sydney airport. However, the expansion might not be rewarding in the short run as the market size is currently small and has not yet exhausted the current resources available. New accounting requirements Sydney airport has experienced various changes in their income reports. These changes will continue to happen as the industry continues to shift. The recent reduction in rates charged on aircraft might also prompt the adjustments of costs associated with airport operations to ensure that the organization stays afloat. The changes may also affect service delivery, which poses a risk of poor marketing (Velez-Pareja, 2012). Regulatory requirements The regulatory framework requires that all leased federal airports observe the airports act 1996 during their planning. The regulation requires the preparation of a master plan, which addresses the environmental strategy of 20 years renewable after every five years, the failure of the airport operations to observe the environmental strategy subjects the company to legal exposures. Current and prospective financing requirements Sydney airport is currently receiving financial gains from it primary operations as well as secondary operations. The primary operations involve the hosting of flights while secondary operations involve the transportation and hosting of passengers. These operations are currently being faced by fierce competition from rivals who are offering cheaper rates. This move could cripple Sydney airport business operations. This means that the business needs to strategize on its pricing strategy in the short run as well as consider new uncompetitive investments (Knapp, 2013). The use of information technology The airports information technology infrastructure is as any other system, vulnerable to external as well as internal threats by hackers. The system can lead to loss of business profits or even damages in cases where the system has been compromised. Another alternative would be to upgrade the system, which in turn would require funds to see the process to completion. Effects of strategy implementation The system upgrade means that almost all other systems and operations will be automated including the financial reporting systems. The automation of almost all operations means when a hacker manages to override the security system, he or she will be able to access the all the information and control including finance and other control information. This means the hacker can perform the act of terrorism with the help of company resources. Therefore, despite the upgrade of the system, the huge investment should be made on security measures to ensure the financial data, as well as the rest of company information, is safe(Sanders, 2011). Analytical procedure and entity performance Current ratio = current assets /current liabilities 2014 Current ratio = $613.6/ $1222.9 = 0.5 2015 Current ratio = $524.7/$753.9 = 0.7 2016 Current ratio = $665.5/$833 = 0.8 The current ratio of the company s increasing constantly and by 2016 the company had almost experienced total efficiency. Debt equity ratio Debt equity ratio = debt/ equity 2014 Debt equity ratio = $9938.6/$3280.2 = 3 2015 Debt equity ratio = 10864.1/ 3092.7 = 3.51 2016 Debt equity ratio =11365.9/2886.3 = 3.94 Debt equity ratio has shown a slight increase since 2014 meaning that the company is accumulating huge debts by leveraging its equity. Return on equity Return on equity = net income/ average shareholders equity 2014 Return on equity = 290.8/ ((3280.2+3687.2)/2) Return on equity = 0.083 or 8.3% 2015 Return on equity = 537.4/ ((3092.7+ 3280.2)/2) Return on equity = 0.17 or 17% 2016 Return on equity = 564.4/ ((2886.3+ 3092.7)/2) Return on equity = 0.18 0r 18% The return on equity ratio has shown a constant increase over the period of three years meaning that the net income is also growing. Profit margin ratio Profit margin ratio = net income/ net sales 2014 Profit margin ratio = 290.8/1163.6 Profit margin ratio = 0.25 0r 25% 2015 Profit margin ratio= 537.3/ 1229 Profit margin ratio = 0.44 or 44% 2016 Profit margin = 564.4/1364.6 Profit margin = 0.41 or 41% The profit margin ratio has increased from 2014 with a percentage of approximately 15%. This shows that the airport is experiencing growth in customers as well as its investments. External factors affecting the entity The above ratios are also reflecting the industrial performance over the period of three years whereby the industry started to realize significant growth shortly after commonwealth deregulated the domestic market. Much of the realized increase in revenue is due to domestic operations as well as from local investments (Schuster, 2009). Management and governance Sydney airport is a public company governed by the Australian constitution as well as the Commonwealth laws. Apart from these laws, the company has its internal policies, which guide ethics and conduct of the company. These policies are communicated to the staff through company handbooks as well as in weekly meetings. Commitment to competence The company also has strict guidelines concerning the hiring of employees as well as the sourcing of suppliers. The company requires that the employees possess the required skills and knowledge, and so are the suppliers. This is done so to ensure employees and suppliers exercise integrity in their dealings as the passengers is primary focus of the company is ensuring safety (De Neufville, 2012). Participation by those charged with governance The decision-making process in the management of Sydney airport involves the board of directors as well as the two major investors. The two major investors are SAT and SAL. The mixture of several stakeholders in determining the direction of the airport helps to raise and scrutinize important issues that help ensure the success of the company. Moreover, the independence of the stakeholders ensures the management executes of all the stakeholders. Management philosophy and operating style Sydney airport management ensures that activities are conducted within the scope stipulated by the operational risk matrix and policies and in line with the board directives. Financial reporting of the company follows the international accounting standards to allow the users interpret the data easily. Also, information processing follows the policies of the company that shapes up the information processing framework (Jackob, 2008). Organization structure The organization structure of the company consists of the CEO Directors, CFO, and COO who reports to the CEO and an investors relation who reports to the CFO and COO. Assignment of authority and responsibility Sydneys airport board of directors provides directions to the company, through the chief executive officer. The executive officer then directs the company employees towards the goals of the company. The chief financial officer, chief operations officer and the investors relations all of whom conduct the core duties of the company, report to the chief executive officer. Human resource and practices The human resource policy requires that a fixed annual remuneration consists of base salary and benefits, which include the minimum regulatory superannuation contribution. Also, the human resource has set key performance targets in line with NRC at the beginning of the year. The key performance indicators are set to ensure long-term, and short-term objectives are met. Conclusion This paper shows that auditing does not only focus on the financial analysis but a holistic process that considers internal and external operations of an entity. 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Michelangelo`s Pieta Essays - Michelangelo, Aesthetics, Piet, Art

Michelangelo`s Pieta To see a scorned, beaten, and crucified man lying dead in the arms of his mother is an image, which can inspire overwhelming emotions within the heart of an observer. Yet, for the longest time I've had such difficulty looking at Michelangelo's Pieta or any piece of art in this way. To me, art has never been about expressing oneself or conveying a message to others, but simply creating an image for the sake of beauty and perfection. When I look at the Pieta I see a cold, solid mass of marble carved by the skilled hands of a master. I look at it in terms of the technique Michelangelo used, the understanding he had of the human form, the movement within the composition, and ultimately the precision and realism with which the piece was rendered. For it has been upon these standards that I have based my concept of what art is. In my eyes, art has always been just a unique ability that I have. I feel driven by it, not to express some deep emotion, but almost as an obsession to perfect my own ability. Every stroke of a brush and every motion of a file has been to make what I've created more detailed, graceful, and real. I'm only now beginning to realize how much more there is to art than what I had previously understood. When I look at a piece of my work, I see the detail and realism of it, yet somehow I feel that these aspects are all that it possesses. I wonder whether or not I've almost turned my sense of art into a science that lacks the essential characteristics of art, which are expression and emotion. Yet now I have also begun to see that the strictness and precision of my art truly is an expression of who I am, and that through it, one can understand how I perceive the world around me. I feel uncomfortable in a world where nearly every aspect of our lives is becoming less clearly defined and where right and wrong are continually forsaken for a vague sense of truth. So in some respects, art provides me with the sense of structure, order, and continuity, which I feel, is lacking in modern life. I've found that the meaning of art goes far beyond any technique or style, and that for each individual, art is a reflection of his or her own unique identity. While the touching image of a mother and child or the powerful story of the scorned savior in the Pieta may bring tears to the eyes of some. In my eyes the greatest beauty and the deepest meaning exists in the grace and realism that lies within every detail of this masterpiece.